Microbiota intestinal y cólicos infantiles: ¿hay lugar para los prebióticos, probióticos y posbióticos? / Gut Microbiota and Infant Colic: is there a Place for Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Postbiotics?

El consumo de probióticos, prebióticos y posbióticos, o su combinación, puede contribuir a mantener una microbiota intestinal saludable ya que permite la regulación de su disbiosis en el caso de algunas enfermedades o trastornos, principalmente en los trastornos gastrointestinales funcionales (TGIF). El microbioma intestinal es protagonista esencial en la fisiopatología de los TGIF a través de sus funciones metabólicas y nutricionales, el mantenimiento de la integridad de la mucosa intestinal y la regulación de la respuesta inmunitaria. Las investigaciones realizadas hasta la fecha indican que los probióticos, prebióticos y posbióticos pueden tener efectos inmunomoduladores directos y clínicamente relevantes. Existen pruebas del uso de esta familia de bióticos en individuos sanos para mejorar la salud general y aliviar los síntomas en una serie de enfermedades como los cólicos infantiles. La colonización y establecimiento de la microbiota comienza en el momento del nacimiento; los primeros 2-3 años de vida son fundamentales para el desarrollo de una comunidad microbiana abundante y diversa. Diversos estudios científicos realizados mediante técnicas tradicionales dependientes de cultivo y más recientemente por técnicas moleculares han observado diferencias en las poblaciones bacterianas de bebés sanos y aquellos que sufren TGIF, estos últimos caracterizados por un aumento de especies patógenas y una menor población de bifidobacterias y lactobacilos, en comparación con los primeros. En tal contexto, se considera que la microbiota intestinal como protagonista en el desarrollo de esos trastornos, entre ellos los cólicos infantiles, a través de sus funciones metabólicas, nutricionales, de mantenimiento de la integridad de la mucosa intestinal y regulación de la respuesta inmunitaria. Esto ha abierto la puerta al estudio de la utilización de prebióticos, probióticos y posbióticos en el tratamiento y/o prevención de los TGIF infantiles. El parto vaginal y de término así como la lactancia son fundamentales en la constitución de una microbiota saludable. Como herramientas de apoyo, existen estudios de eficacia que sustentan la administración de esta familia de bióticos, principalmente en los casos en que la lactancia no sea posible o esté limitada. (AU)

The consumption of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics, or a combination of them, can contribute to maintaining a healthy intestinal microbiota as it allows the regulation of its dysbiosis in the case of some diseases or disorders, mainly in functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). The gut microbiome is an essential player in the pathophysiology of FGIDs through its metabolic and nutritional functions, the maintenance of intestinal mucosal integrity, and the regulation of the immune response. Research results thus far indicate that probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics may have direct and clinically relevant immunomodulatory effects. There is evidence regarding the prescription of this family of biotics in healthy individuals to improve overall health and alleviate symptoms in many conditions like infantile colic. The colonization and microbiota establishment begins at birth; the first 2-3 years of life are critical for developing an abundant and diverse microbial community. Several scientific studies performed by traditional culture-dependent techniques and more recently by molecular techniques have observed differences in the bacterial populations of healthy infants and those suffering from FGIDs, the latter characterized by an increase in pathogenic species and a lower population of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, compared to the former. In this context, the intestinal microbiota plays a leading role in the onset of these disorders, including infantile colic, through its metabolic and nutritional functions, maintenance of the integrity of the intestinal mucosa, and regulation of the immune response. That has opened the door to the study of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics usage in the treatment and or prevention of infantile FGIDs. Vaginal and term delivery and breastfeeding are fundamental in the constitution of a healthy microbiota. As supportive tools, there are efficacy studies that support the administration of this family of biotics, mainly in cases where lactation is not possible or is limited.

Estratégias para recuperação de xilooligossacarídeos do licor de resíduos de eucalipto para avaliação do seu efeito estimulante em Staphylococcus xylosus / Strategies for xylooligosaccharides recovery from eucalyptus waste liquor to evaluate their stimulatory effect on Staphylococcus xylosus

Xilooligossacarídeos (XOS) são reconhecidos pelo seu potencial prebiótico relevante para diversos setores industriais e foram obtidos após o pré-tratamento hidrotérmico da biomassa lignocelulósica residual de galhos de eucalipto. Subprodutos inibitórios são gerados durante o processo de solubilização dos oligossacarídeos e acabam comprometendo a utilização do licor em microrganismos. Neste trabalho, o processo de destoxificação, hidrólise enzimática e atividade estimulantes de crescimento da bactéria Staphylococcus xylosus foram estabelecidos. Os resultados mostraram que a adsorção com carvão ativado em pó removeu cerca de 55% do ácido acético e mais de 90% do ácido fórmico, compostos fenólicos, lignina solúvel, furfural e 5-hidroximetilfurfural, e que a soma dos oligossacarídeos xilobiose (X2) e xilotriose (X3) foram maximizadas de 0,57 g/L para 1,21 g/L com 110 U/gXOS da enzima endoxilanase e 6,3% do licor destoxificado na hidrólise enzimática. O consumo de cerca de 63% de X2 e de 46% de X3 pela bactéria em meio basal deficiente em fontes de carbono, mas acrescido com os oligômeros, proporcionou maior crescimento celular em relação aos meios basais com alta composição de carbono, com e sem XOS, revelando seu potencial prebiótico pelo efeito estimulante de crescimento. (AU)

Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are recognized for their prebiotic potential relevant to several industrial sectors and were obtained after hydrothermal pretreatment of residual lignocellulosic biomass from eucalyptus branches. Inhibitory by-products are generated during the solubilization process of oligosaccharides and end up compromising the utilization of the liquor in microorganisms. In this work, the detoxification process, enzymatic hydrolysis and growth stimulating activity of Staphylococcus xylosus bacteria were established. The results showed that adsorption with powdered activated carbon removed about 55% of acetic acid and more than 90% of formic acid, phenolic compounds, soluble lignin, furfural, and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural and the sum of the oligosaccharides xylobiose (X2) and xylotriose (X3) were maximized from 0.57 g/L to 1.21 g/L with 110 U/gXOS of the enzyme endoxylanase and 6.3% of the detoxified liquor in the enzymatic hydrolysis. The consumption of X2 and X3 were about 63% and 46%, respectively, by the bacteria in basal medium deficient in carbon sources, but in medium added with the oligomers, provided higher cell growth compared to basal medium with high carbon composition, with and without XOS, revealing its prebiotic potential by its growth-stimulating effect. (AU)

Relación entre la composición de la microbiota y la hipertensión arterial esencial. Una revisión narrativa / Relationship between microbiota composition and essential hypertension. A narrative review

La hipertensión arterial esencial es una patología de alta prevalencia a nivel mundial, y uno de los determinantes más significativos para enfermedad cardiovascular. Por otra parte, se ha generado un gran interés por la microbiota del cuerpo, y la forma en que se ve alterada por factores tanto internos como externos, ocasionando disbiosis. En la actualidad se viene estudiando el efecto de la microbiota en diferentes enfermedades, entre ellas, la relación entre la microbiota y la hipertensión. En este artículo se hizo una revisión de la literatura, entre 2010 a 2021, con el objetivo de identificar la evidencia científica que sustenta la relación entre la composición de la microbiota y la hipertensión arterial esencial. Se encontró en muchos estudios que los hipertensos tenían una diversidad menor de la microbiota, en comparación con los grupos de control sanos. En los hipertensos se encontraron principalmente bacterias del género Prevotella y en el grupo control predominaba el género Bacteroidetes. Adicionalmente, se observó una disminución de Faecalibacterium, Roseburia y Bifidobacterium en el grupo de hipertensos. Existen varias técnicas de laboratorio para el reconocimiento de la población bacteriana del intestino, tales como la secuenciación de la subunidad de ARNr 16S, la secuenciación del genoma completo y la metagenómica de la microbiota. A pesar de que los estudios realizados sobre la relación microbiota e hipertensión concluyen que existe una relación significativa entre ambas, es necesario hacer más investigaciones en diferentes grupos poblacionales

Essential arterial hypertension is a highly prevalent pathology worldwide and is one of the most significant determinants of cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, great interest has been generated in the microbiota of the body, and how it is altered by both internal and external factors, causing dysbiosis. Currently, the effect of the microbiota in different diseases is being studied, including the relationship between the microbiota and hypertension. In this article, a review of the literature was made, between 2010 and 2021, with the objective of identifying the scientific evidence that supports the relationship between the composition of the microbiota and essential arterial hypertension. It was found in many studies that individuals with high blood pressure had lower microbiota diversity compared to healthy control groups. In hypertensive patients, bacteria of the genus Prevotella were mainly found, while in the control group the genus Bacteroidetes predominated. Additionally, a decrease in Faecalibacterium, Roseburia and Bifidobacterium was observed in the hypertensive group. There are several laboratory techniques for the analysis of the intestinal bacterial population, such as 16S rRNA subunit sequencing, whole genome sequencing, and microbiota metagenomics. Despite the fact that the studies conclude that there is a significant relationship between microbiota and hypertension, it is necessary to do more research in different population groups

Importancia del microbioma en la salud humana y aplicaciones médicas / Importance of the microbiome in human health and medical implications

Recientes investigaciones han relacionado la microbiota intestinal con la salud humana en múltiples aspectos. La evolución de los estilos de vida ha determinado un cambio en la composición de las bacterias intestinales, así como la implicación que la comunidad de estas ejerce sobre la salud. Actualmente, se conoce que la mayoría de las bacterias presentes en el sistema gastrointestinal pertenecen principalmente a los fila Firmicutes y Bacterioidetes, aunque también se encuentran otros grupos tales como proteobacterias y actinobacterias. A medida que se avanza en el tracto gastrointestinal predominan algunos géneros de bacterias. Los efectos de la microbiota pueden ser directos e indirectos, además, dependen de muchos factores tales como la edad de la persona, el grupo etario, la genética del individuo, la dieta y el estilo de vida. Durante los últimos años, la accesibilidad a tecnologías de secuenciación ha permitido tener un acercamiento más estrecho a la microbiota intestinal. Esto, sumado a herramientas bioinformáticas, ha permitido establecer relaciones microbiales entre la cantidad y estructura poblacional y las manifestaciones clínicas en el ser humano. Algunas de las afecciones estudiadas y que tienen relación con la microbiota intestinal son: la obesidad, la diabetes, el cáncer, las enfermedades relacionadas con el cerebro, las enfermedades cardiovasculares y las enfermedades gastrointestinales. De acuerdo con lo mencionado, se hizo una recopilación de información de carácter científico en cuanto a estudios relevantes que describen la relación microbiota-salud humana y casos donde se observa compromiso del organismo, al mismo tiempo que se describen opciones terapéuticas propuestas y un abordaje de perspectivas futuras.

Recent research has linked gut microbiota to human health in multiple ways. The evolution of lifestyles has determined a change in the composition of intestinal bacteria, as well as the implications that they exert on health. Currently, it is known that most of the bacteria present in the gastrointestinal sector belong mainly to the phylum Firmicutes and Bacterioidetes, although there are also other groups such as proteobacteria and actinobacteria. As it progresses through the gastrointestinal tract, some genera of bacteria and species predominate. The effects of the microbiota can be direct and indirect, and also depend on many factors such as the age of the person, the age group, the individual's genetics, diet, and lifestyle. In recent years, accessibility to sequencing technologies has allowed for a closer approach to the intestinal microbiota. This, added to bioinformatic tools has allowed establishing microbial relationships in terms of quantity and population structure with clinical manifestations in humans. Some of the pathologies studied that are related to intestinal microbiota are obesity, diabetes, cancer, brain-related diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and gastrointestinal diseases. A compilation of scientific information is made regarding relevant studies that describe the microbiota-human health relationship, cases where the organism is affected, as well as proposed therapeutic options and an approach to future perspectives

Interaction between mucus layer and gut microbiota in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Soil and seeds / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

The intestinal mucus layer is a barrier that separates intestinal contents and epithelial cells, as well as acts as the "mucus layer-soil" for intestinal flora adhesion and colonization. Its structural and functional integrity is crucial to human health. Intestinal mucus is regulated by factors such as diet, living habits, hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines, and intestinal flora. The mucus layer's thickness, viscosity, porosity, growth rate, and glycosylation status affect the structure of the gut flora colonized on it. The interaction between "mucus layer-soil" and "gut bacteria-seed" is an important factor leading to the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and wash microbial transplantation are efficient methods for managing NAFLD, but their long-term efficacy is poor. FMT is focused on achieving the goal of treating diseases by enhancing the "gut bacteria-seed". However, a lack of effective repair and management of the "mucus layer-soil" may be a reason why "seeds" cannot be well colonized and grow in the host gut, as the thinning and destruction of the "mucus layer-soil" is an early symptom of NAFLD. This review summarizes the existing correlation between intestinal mucus and gut microbiota, as well as the pathogenesis of NAFLD, and proposes a new perspective that "mucus layer-soil" restoration combined with "gut bacteria-seed" FMT may be one of the most effective future strategies for enhancing the long-term efficacy of NAFLD treatment.

Qual é a influência da microbiota na obesidade e em seu quadro inflamatório? / What is the influence of microbiota on obesity and its inflammatory involvement?

A obesidade tem causa multifatorial que atinge atualmente mais da metade da população brasileira. Mais recentemente, a microbiota intestinal foi considerada um fator que contribui para essa condição. Os objetivos deste estudo foram revisar a influência da microbiota intestinal na obesidade e no processo inflamatório, e analisar os efeitos da utilização dos pré e probióticos. Foi realizada revisão sistemática sobre o assunto. Dos mais de 27.000 artigos, apenas 16 respeitaram os critérios de inclusão. Em conclusão, o desequilíbrio da microbiota aparece como fator favorável ao desenvolvimento da obesidade e do quadro inflamatório decorrente dela. Tanto o uso de prebióticos quanto probióticos são recursos válidos no tratamento da obesidade, porém os primeiros parecem proporcionar melhor qualidade de vida.

Obesity has a multifactorial etiological condition that involves more than half of the Brazilian population. More recently, the intestinal microbiota was considered a factor that contributes to this condition. The aims of this study were to review the intestinal microbiota influence in the obesity and in the inflammatory response, and to analyze the effects of using prebiotic and probiotic medications. A systematic review was firstly done. More than 27,000 articles were found, but only 16 contained the proper criteria. In conclusion, the microbiota imbalance seems to increase the obesity development and its inflammatory aspects. Both the use of pre and probiotics are good options in the obesity treatment, though the first ones seem to enhance bettere quality of life.

Effects of in feed removal of antimicrobials in comparison to other prophylactic alternatives in growing and finishing pigs / [Efeitos na remoção de antimicrobianos na ração em comparação a alternativas profiláticas em suínos nas fases de crescimento e de terminação]

The utilization of antimicrobials in animal production, causes selection of resistant bacteria. The objective of this study was to compare the utilization of alternatives in association with preventive antibiotic therapy in swine feed during the growing and finishing phases. 1,045 animals were used from 60 to 190 days of age and were subjected to six treatments with 16 repetitions as follows: 1) antibiotic free; 2) antibiotics; 3) prebiotic; 4) probiotic; 5) essential oils; and 6) organic acid. Animals were weighted, and clinical history was recorded including mortality and diarrhea. At the abattoir, pneumonia index and gastric ulcers were investigated. The cost for each treatment was discussed. No difference between treatments were observed (P>0.05) regarding feed conversion rate (2.64±0.03), overall average weight gain (107.06±0.9kg), average daily weight gain (856.49±7.7g) and carcass weight (92.4±0.7kg). The application injectable drugs in animals presenting clinical symptoms, represented US$ 0.56/intervention, without difference between the treatments (P>0.05). Furthermore, independently of the treatment, high frequency of pneumonia was observed (>0.90). No difference for the degree of gastric ulcer nor feces consistency were observed (P>0.05). The utilization of antibiotic therapy and alternatives to antibiotics in feed did not produce benefits to the production indices and sanitary performances of the animals.(AU)

A utilização de antimicrobianos na produção animal provoca seleção de bactérias resistentes. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar a utilização de alternativas associadas à antibioticoterapia preventiva na alimentação de suínos nas fases de recria e de terminação. Foram utilizados 1.045 animais de 60 a 190 dias de idade, submetidos a seis tratamentos com 16 repetições, como segue: 1) sem antibióticos; 2) com antibióticos; 3) prebióticos; 4) probióticos; 5) óleos essenciais; e 6) ácidos orgânicos. Os animais foram pesados, e a história clínica foi registrada, incluindo mortalidade e diarreia. No abatedouro, foram investigados índices de pneumonia e úlceras gástricas. O custo de cada tratamento foi discutido. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos (P>0,05) em relação à taxa de conversão alimentar (2,64 ± 0,03), ao ganho de peso médio geral (107,06 ± 0,9kg), ao ganho de peso médio diário (856,49 ± 7,7g) e ao peso de carcaça (92,4 ± 0,7kg). A aplicação de medicamentos injetáveis em animais com quadro clínico representou US$ 0,56/intervenção, sem diferença entre os tratamentos (P>0,05). Além disso, independentemente do tratamento, foi observada alta frequência de pneumonia (>0,90). Não foi observada diferença para o grau de úlcera gástrica nem na consistência das fezes (P>0,05). A utilização de antibioticoterapia e de alternativas aos antibióticos na ração não trouxe benefícios aos desempenhos zootécnico e sanitário dos animais.(AU)

Probióticos y prebióticos: rol en la terapéutica de la enfermedad diarreica aguda infantil / Probiotics and prebiotics: its role in childhood acute diarrheal disease therapy

RESUMEN: La enfermedad diarreica aguda infantil (EDAI), constituye un problema de salud pública, representando la 2ª causa de morbimortalidad infantil en menores de 5 años, en el Ecuador. La hidratación oral y parenteral en los niños hospitalizados bajo normas de administración de conformidad con el grado de deshidratación y pérdida de peso, así como medidas preventivas como la vacunación obligatoria contra el rotavirus, han contribuido a disminuir, pero no a solucionar este problema de salud infantil. Múltiples factores contribuyen para que no se resuelva: socioeconómicos, educacionales, el destete temprano y malas prácticas alimenticias, entre otros. Últimos estudios han propuesto la utilización de probióticos que contribuyan a disminuir el problema sugieriendo el usode Saccharomyces boulardii (SB), asociado a un prebiótico; lo que permitiría acortar el tiempo de tratamiento de una EDAI; por lo que la simbiosis entre SB y un prebiótico denominado fructooligosacárido (FOS), podría ser una alternativa para reducir costos y complicaciones. Una alternativa para medir el curso clínico de una EDAI en infantes es la escala BITTS, de reciente creación y fácil aplicación por clínicos. El objetivo de este manuscrito fue resumir la evidencia existente respecto del rol de losprobióticos y prebióticos en la terapéutica de de la EDAI.

SUMMARY: In Ecuador childhood acute diarrheal disease (CADD) constitutes a serious public health problem, representing the 2nd cause of infant morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years of age. Oral and parenteral hydration in hospitalized children, with standard treatments according to their degree of dehydration and weight loss, as well as preventive measures such as mandatory vaccination against rotavirus, have contributed to a decrease. Nevertheless, this childhood disease has still not been resolved. There are multiple contributing factors involved that prevent complete eradication of the disease Among these are socio-economic problems, education, early weaning and poor feeding practices, all of which continue to affect infants. Recent studies have proposed the use of probiotics that help reduce the problem and it has been suggested that Saccharomyces boulardii (SB), associated with a prebiotic, would reduce the treatment time of an CADD. Therefore, the symbiosis between the SB probiotic and a prebiotic called fructo- oligosaccharide (FOS) could be an alternative to reduce complications and reduce costs. An alternative to measure the clinical course of an CADD in infants is the BITTS scale, which was recently created and can easily be applied by clinicians. The aim of this manuscript was to summarize the existing evidence regarding the role of PROBIOTICS and prebiotics in the treatment of CADD.

Enzymatic preparation of manno-oligosaccharides from locust bean gum and palm kernel cake, and investigations into its prebiotic activity

BACKGROUND: Manno-oligosaccharides (MOS) is known as a kind of prebiotics. Mannanase plays a key role for the degradation of mannan to produce MOS. In this study, the mannanases of glycoside hydrolase (GH) families 5 Man5HJ14 and GH26 ManAJB13 were employed to prepare MOS from locust bean gum (LBG) and palm kernel cake (PKC). The prebiotic activity and utilization of MOS were assessed in vitro using the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum strain. RESULTS: Galactomannan from LBG was converted to MOS ranging in size from mannose up to mannoheptose by Man5HJ14 and ManAJB13. Mannoheptose was got from the hydrolysates produced by Man5HJ14, which mannohexaose was obtained from LBG hydrolyzed by ManAJB13. However, the same components of MOS ranging in size from mannose up to mannotetrose were observed between PKC hydrolyzed by the mannanases mentioned above. MOS stability was not affected by high-temperature and high-pressure condition at their natural pH. Based on in vitro growth study, all MOS from LBG and PKC was effective in promoting the growth of L. plantarum CICC 24202, with the strain preferring to use mannose to mannotriose, rather than above mannotetrose. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of mannanases and mannan difference on MOS composition was studied. All of MOS hydrolysates showed the stability in adversity condition and prebiotic activity of L. plantarum, which would have potential application in the biotechnological applications.

A comparative study on depression and anxiety of mice (Mus musculus) on a prebiotic-supplemented diet versus a standard diet during Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress (UCMS)

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Background.</strong> Anxiety and depression are becoming increasingly prevalent today and are often aggravated by day-to-day stresses. Because current management strategies are usually accompanied by unpleasant side effects, there is a need to look into alternative treatment regimens - such as prebiotics - that may provide equally effective anxiolytic and antidepressant effects.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objective.</strong> Therefore, the study aims to determine the effect of a combined fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and galactooligosaccharide (GOS) supplemented diet on anxiety and depression levels in mice subjected to Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress (UCMS).</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods.</strong> Forty male BALB/C mice were subjected to UCMS under a pretest-posttest control group design where the treatment group received prebiotic supplementation throughout the study. Repeated measures ANOVA was run to evaluate between, within, and time interactions of the measured anxiety parameters using the light-dark box test, and depression parameter using the fur coat state assessment.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Results.</strong> Results show that (1) the FOS + GOS treatment did not give the treatment group an advantage over the control group during UCMS, (2) both groups grew more anxious and depressed over time, and (3) the treatment group grew more anxious with time in relation to control in terms of the total time spent in the light side.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion.</strong> These imply that the UCMS protocol was successful in inducing stress in mice, but the FOS + GOS regimen failed to provide anxiolytic and antidepressant effects on male BALB/C mice exposed to UCMS.</p>

Lowland and highland Varieties of Dioscorea esculenta tubers stimulate growth of Lactobacillus sp. over enterotoxigenic E. coli in vitro

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objectives:</strong> Probiotic supplementation often only leads to transient improvement in the gut microbiome. Potential prebiotics, such as the oligosaccharide-rich varieties of Dioscorea esculenta tubers, can potentially bridge the gap between supplementation and persistent colonization. Thus, this study aimed to assess the ability of D. esculenta tubers to promote the growth of probiotic Lactobacillus sp. in vitro selectively.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods:</strong> The prebiotic activity of the selected varieties of Dioscorea esculenta tubers was evaluated via compe titive growth assay, wherein the ratios of probiotic Lactobacillus sp. over enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) or "prebiotic ratios" were compared following treatment.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Results:</strong> Negative control (0.9% NaCl solution) produced a ratio of 0.88, Lowland and Highland varieties produced ratios of 1.26 and 1.29, respectively, and positive control (inulin) produced 1.54. The two varieties had comparable ratios to one another (p > 0.05), and significantly higher ratios than the negative control (p < 0.05). Both varieties have significant prebiotic activity. Compared to inulin, the two varieties' prebiotic activity was 84% as effective.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Overall, the tubers promoted the growth of Lactobacillus sp. over ETEC. The crude tuber samples, given their availability and affordability, can be easily integrated into the local diet to contribute to the improvement of the general population's health.</p>

Probióticos y prebióticos: beneficios en dermatología / Probiotics and prebiotics: benefits in dermatology

La piel es el órgano más extenso del cuerpo humano, y constituye el límite físico entre el individuo y su entorno; a pesar de tener un sistema inmunológico funcional la piel está colonizada por diversos tipos de microorganismos, en su mayoría benéficos, que en conjunto componen el microbioma cutáneo, el cual juega un papel importante en la homeostasis corporal y su modificación está implicada en diversas patologías, lo que lo ha convertido en una potencial diana terapéutica. Los probióticos y prebióticos se han estudiado en afecciones inflamatorias de la piel como la dermatitis atópica, el acné, la dermatitis seborreica y el cáncer de piel. En esta revisión describimos a la luz de la evidencia actual su eficacia en dermatosis relacionadas con disbiosis cutánea.

The skin is the largest organ in the human body and constitutes the physical boundary between the individual and their environment; despite having a functional immune system, the skin is colonized by various types of microorganisms, mostly beneficial, which together constitute the skin microbiome, which plays an important role in body homeostasis and its modification is involved in various pathologies, which has made it a potential therapeutic target. Probiotics and prebiotics have been studied in inflammatory skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis, acne, seborrheic dermatitis, and skin cancer. In this review we describe its efficacy in dermatoses related to cutaneous dysbiosis in light of current evidence.

A novel supplement with yeast β-glucan, prebiotic, minerals and Silybum marianum synergistically modulates metabolic and inflammatory pathways and improves steatosis in obese mice / 中西医结合学报

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the synergic effects of a novel oral supplement formulation, containing prebiotics, yeast β-glucans, minerals and silymarin (Silybum marianum), on lipid and glycidic metabolism, inflammatory and mitochondrial proteins of the liver, in control and high-fat diet-induced obese mice.@*METHODS@#After an acclimation period, 32 male C57BL/6 mice were divided into the following groups: nonfat diet (NFD) vehicle, NFD supplemented, high-fat diet (HFD) vehicle and HFD supplemented. The vehicle and experimental formulation were administered orally by gavage once a day during the last four weeks of the diet (28 consecutive days). We then evaluated energy homeostasis, inflammation, and mitochondrial protein expression in these groups of mice.@*RESULTS@#After four weeks of supplementation, study groups experienced reduced glycemia, dyslipidemia, fat, and hepatic fibrosis levels. Additionally, proliferator-activated receptor-α, AMP-activated protein kinase-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator-1α, and mitochondrial transcription factor A expression levels were augmented; however, levels of inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB kinase subunit α and p65 nuclear factor-κB expression, and oxidative markers were reduced. Notably, the cortisol/C-reactive protein ratio, a well-characterized marker of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis immune interface status, was found to be modulated by the supplement.@*CONCLUSION@#We discovered that the novel supplement was able to modify different antioxidant, metabolic and inflammatory pathways, improving the energy homeostasis and inflammatory status, and consequently alleviated hepatic steatosis.

Microbe-based management for colorectal cancer / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent, most lethal cancers in the world. Increasing evidence suggests that the intestinal microbiota is closely related to the pathogenesis and prognosis of CRC. The normal microbiota plays an essential role in maintaining gut barrier function and the immune microenvironment. Recent studies have identified carcinogenic bacteria such as enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) and Streptococcus gallolyticus (S. gallolyticus), as well as protective bacterial such as Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila), as potential targets of CRC treatment. Gut microbiota modulation aims to restore gut dysbiosis, regulate the intestinal immune system and prevent from pathogen invasion, all of which are beneficial for CRC prevention and prognosis. The utility of probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation and dietary inventions to treat CRC makes them novel microbe-based management tools. In this review, we describe the mechanisms involved in bacteria-derived colorectal carcinogenesis and summarized novel bacteria-related therapies for CRC. In summary, we hope to facilitate clinical applications of intestinal bacteria for preventing and treating CRC.

Microbiota intestinal, prebióticos, probióticos e simbióticos em doenças gastrointestinais e hepáticas: procedimentos de reunião conjunta da Sociedade Brasileira de Hepatologia (SBH), Núcleo Brasileiro de Estudos do Helicobacter pylori e Microbiota (NBEHPM) e Federação Brasileira de Gastroenterologia (FBG) / Gut microbiota, prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in gastrointestinal and liver diseases: proceedings of a joint meeting of the brazilian society of hepatology (sbh), brazilian nucleus for the study of helicobacter pylori and microbiota (nbehpm), and brazilian federation of gastroenterology (fbg)

ABSTRACT Over the last years, there is growing evidence that microorganisms are involved in the maintenance of our health and are related to various diseases, both intestinal and extraintestinal. Changes in the gut microbiota appears to be a key element in the pathogenesis of hepatic and gastrointestinal disorders, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, liver cirrhosis, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and Clostridium difficile - associated diarrhea. In 2019, the Brazilian Society of Hepatology (SBH) in cooperation with the Brazilian Nucleus for the Study of Helicobacter Pylori and Microbiota (NBEHPM), and Brazilian Federation of Gastroenterology (FBG) sponsored a joint meeting on gut microbiota and the use of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in gastrointestinal and liver diseases. This paper summarizes the proceedings of the aforementioned meeting. It is intended to provide practical information about this topic, addressing the latest discoveries and indicating areas for future studies.

RESUMO Nos últimos anos, um volume crescente de evidências indica que os microrganismos estão envolvidos na manutenção da saúde humana e também estão relacionados a várias doenças, tanto intestinais quanto extraintestinais. Alterações na microbiota intestinal parecem ser um elemento chave na patogênese de doenças hepáticas e gastrointestinais, incluindo doença hepática gordurosa não-alcoólica, doença hepática alcoólica, cirrose hepática, doenças inflamatórias intestinais, síndrome do intestino irritável e diarreia associada ao Clostridium difficile. Em 2019, a Sociedade Brasileira de Hepatologia (SBH) em colaboração com o Núcleo Brasileiro para Estudo do Helicobacter pylori e Microbiota (NBEHPM) e a Federação Brasileira de Gastroenterologia (FBG) realizaram um encontro exclusivamente voltado para a discussão sobre microbiota e uso de prebióticos, probióticos e simbióticos em doenças hepáticas e gastrointestinais. Este texto resume os principais pontos discutidos durante o evento, e tem a intenção de fornecer informações práticas sobre o assunto, abordando as descobertas mais recentes e indicando áreas para estudos futuros.

Survival of commercial probiotic strains and their effect on dark chocolate synbiotic snack with raspberry content during the storage and after simulated digestion

BACKGROUND: A key challenge for manufacturers of pro-health food containing active probiotic microorganisms is to develop a product with attractive sensory features along with maintenance of declared number of microorganisms during storage and transfer by alimentary tract. RESULTS: The highest concentration of polyphenols was observed in snacks without an additive of probiotics as well as those with an additive of L. rhamnosus and B. animalis bacteria and concentration of these compounds increased by 9.5% during six months of storage. None of the products distinguished itself in the sensorial assessment although each was assessed positively. The number of microorganisms was stable and comparatively high during six months of storage at a room temperature and in cooling conditions (108 cfu/g). In the digestion model, an influence of aggressive digestion conditions was examined in the alimentary tract on the number of microorganisms, which allowed to arrange strains from the most resistant (S. boulardii) to the most sensitive (B. breve). It must be noted that currently on the market there is no available snack containing probiotic yeast as well as there is no literature data on works on such formulation of food. CONCLUSIONS: In the newly developed snack made of chocolate, in which sugar has been replaced with maltitol, a raw material was added in the form of raspberry, prebiotic in the form of inulin and a strain of probiotic bacteria, including the unprecedented so far S. boulardii, which stands a high chance to occupy a good place on the market of functional food.

Aportes de la biotecnología al diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad renal crónica y comorbilidades frecuentes / Biotechnology contribution to the diagnosis and treatment of chronic kidney disease and frequent comorbidities

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo revisar las contribuciones de la biotecnología, en relación con el tratamiento, diagnóstico y la monitorización de la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) y sus comorbilidades más frecuentes, especialmente la anemia. En relación con los tratamientos, enfocamos el desarrollo de productos biofarmacéuticos como los agentes estimulantes de la eritropoyesis (ESA), que fueron los primeros biofármacos utilizados para el tratamiento de la anemia asociada a la ERC; analizamos sus características y utilización actual después de varios años de experiencia clínica, así como también otras alternativas en desarrollo. Revisamos distintos tipos de bioterapias, la utilización de las células estromales mesenquimales de médula ósea (MSC) y tratamientos alternativos con modificaciones dietarias, que se basan en la asociación entre la microbiota intestinal de los pacientes renales crónicos y sus condiciones fisiopatológicas. Finalmente, en relación con el diagnóstico y monitorización, nos referimos al estudio y validación de biomarcadores diagnósticos, predictivos y terapéuticos que han permitido optimizar los resultados clínicos en este tipo de pacientes. (AU)

The aim of this work is to review the contributions of biotechnology, in relation to the treatment, diagnosis and monitoring of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its most frequent comorbidities, especially anemia. Regarding the treatment, we focus on the development of biopharmaceutical products such as erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESA), which were the first biopharmaceuticals used to treat anemia associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We analyzed their characteristics and their current use after several years of clinical experience, as well as other alternatives in development. We also review different types of biotherapies, the use of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) and alternative treatments with dietary modifications, which are based on the association between the intestinal microbiota of chronic kidney patients and their pathophysiological conditions. Finally, in relation to diagnosis and monitoring, we refer to the study and validation of diagnostic, predictive and therapeutic biomarkers that have made clinical results possible to be optimized in this type of patient. (AU)

Oligosacáridos y polisacáridos no digeribles: una fuente de salud para los adultos mayores / Non-digestible oligosaccharides and polysaccharides: a source of health for older people

RESUMEN Los adultos mayores son especialmente vulnerables a sufrir enfermedades asociadas al tracto gastrointestinal, ya que el envejecimiento conlleva naturalmente a un desbalance en la diversidad y cantidad de los microorganismos presentes en el intestino. Por ello, la suplementación de su dieta con oligosacáridos y polisacáridos no digestibles (OPND) ha cobrado gran relevancia científica. Esto, con el propósito de prevenir y revertir, en parte, los cambios negativos en la microbiota intestinal derivados del envejecimiento. Se ha observado que la suplementación de OPND en adultos mayores genera variados beneficios, entre los que destacan una mejora en el sistema inmune, una mayor absorción de calcio, reducción en la incidencia de alergias, reducción de la constipación y una disminución en los niveles de glicemia y colesterol sanguíneos. Debido a que, los efectos del consumo de OPND en adultos mayores han sido escasamente discutidos en la literatura científica en idioma castellano, el propósito de esta revisión es abordar el tema haciendo énfasis en la realidad chilena y latinoamericana. Ello, con miras a fomentar la incorporación de OPND en alimentos y programas de alimentación dirigidos específicamente a personas de la tercera edad.

ABSTRACT Since aging naturally leads to an imbalance in the diversity and quantity of microorganisms present in the intestine, older people are particularly vulnerable to diseases associated with the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, supplementing the diet of elderly persons with non-digestible oligosaccharides and polysaccharides (OPND) has gained scientific relevance. Supplementation aims to prevent and (partially) revert the negative changes in intestinal microbiota due to aging. It has been observed that OPND supplementation in older adults provides several benefits, including an improvement in the immune system, increased calcium absorption, a reduction in the incidence of allergies, a reduction in constipation and a decrease in blood levels of cholesterol and glucose. Because the effects of OPND supplementation in older adults has been scarcely discussed in the scientific literature in the Spanish language, the purpose of this review is to address the issue with emphasis on the Chilean and Latin-American reality. The article promotes the incorporation of OPND in processed food and feeding programs specifically designed for older people in Latin America.

Short-chain fatty acids production by Bifidobacterium species in the presence of salep

BACKGROUND: Salep is obtained by grinding dried orchid tubers and used as a valuable ingredient in the food industry. Because of the glucomannan content of salep, it is thought to have prebiotic potential. However, there is little information in studies concerning the fermentation characteristics and potential prebiotic properties of salep. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of salep on bifidobacterial growth by measuring the highest optical density (OD), calculating the specific growth rates, and determining the production of lactic acid and short-chain fatty acids (acetic, propionic, and butyric acid) as a result of bacterial fermentation. RESULT: The OD and pH values obtained in this study showed that salep was utilized as a source of assimilable carbon and energy by the Bifidobacterium species (BS). All Bifidobacterium strains produced lactic, acetic, propionic, and butyric acid, indicating that salep is readily fermented by these bacteria. Salep at 1% (w/v) showed a similar effect on bifidobacterial growth as that promoted by 1% (w/v) glucose used as a traditional carbon source. CONCLUSIONS: Bifidobacterium species can develop in media containing salep as well as in glucose and exhibit the potential to be used as new sources of prebiotics.

Eficácia da suplementação oral com 1, 3-1, 6 betaglucano proveniente de Saccharomyces cerevisiae no controle da mastite bovina / [Efficiency of oral supplementation of 1. 3-1. 6 beta-glucan from saccharomyces cerevisiae on the control of bovine mastitis]

A mastite bovina, uma das principais doenças do rebanho leiteiro, caracteriza-se por um processo inflamatório no úbere. A inviabilidade econômica, o impacto ambiental negativo e os resíduos antimicrobianos têm estimulado a pesquisa de outros tratamentos alternativos para a prevenção e o tratamento de doenças na bovinocultura leiteira. O betaglucano é um agente imunomodulador com potencial ação preventiva para doenças infecciosas, inclusive a mastite. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia do uso do betaglucano, por meio de administração oral, em animais em lactação. Foram utilizadas 20 vacas lactantes, distribuídas em dois grupos, um controle e um tratamento, com 10 animais em cada grupo. O grupo tratamento recebeu 5g/dia, durante 60 dias, de 1,3-1,6 betaglucano isolado da parede celular de Saccharomyces cerevisiae diluído em ração após a ordenha, enquanto o grupo controle recebia somente a ração. Foram realizados os testes de California Mastitis Test (CMT), contagem de células somáticas (CCS), produção de leite e percentual de gordura e proteína no leite. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos quanto à CCS, ao CMT, à composição do leite ou produção. Não se observou, portanto, eficácia do uso do betaglucano purificado, administrado por via oral, no controle e na prevenção da mastite em vacas leiteiras, quando comparadas com o grupo controle. Atribuem-se esses resultados, principalmente, à degradação ruminal do produto testado. Sugerem-se, portanto, mais pesquisas utilizando o 1,3-1,6 betaglucano purificado de parede de S. cerevisiae por outras vias de administração, tais como intramamária e subcutânea.(AU)

Bovine mastitis, one of the main diseases of dairy herds, is characterized by an inflammatory process in the udder. The economic and environmental impacts, as well as the residues of antimicrobial drugs have stimulated the research of novel alternative treatments for the prevention and treatment of diseases in dairy production cows. The beta-glucan is an immunomodulator agent, with potential preventive action for infectious diseases, including mastitis. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of orally administered beta-glucan in lactating cows. 20 lactating cows were used, distributed into two groups, one control and one treatment, with 10 cows in each group. The treatment group received 5g of 1.3-1.6 betaglucan daily for 60 days, isolated from the cell-wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae diluted into a grain meal, whereas the animals in the control group received only the ration. The California Mastitis Test (CMT), Somatic Cells Counting (SCC), daily production and assessments of fat and protein content in milk were done. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups concerning subclinical mastitis detected by CMT, SCC, milk production and composition regarding protein and fat content. It was not observed, therefore, the effectiveness of the use of purified beta-glucan orally administered on the control or prevention of mastitis in dairy cows. The results are attributed to the ruminal degradation of the product tested. It is, therefore, suggested that more research should be conducted using the 1.3-1.6 beta-glucan purified from the cell wall of S. cerevisiae by other administration means and ruminal protection technologies for the isolated beta-glucan.(AU)